If I have a mobile phone repeater installed in my house, can my neighbour use my mobile phone repeater, and if so, will I end up paying for his calls?

No, you will not end up paying for his bills. The billing is associated with the SIM card in your phone.  Every phone has a unique SIM card.  The mobile phone repeater is a 2-way amplifier.  It does not add any information to the mobile phone signal. So, it is the phone that gets billed for making a call – the booster just facilitates you so you can make the phone call.

Solid Walls Block mobile signals.

cavity_wallIt is unlikely your neighbor would be able to pick up the amplified signal from your mobile phone repeater. This is especially the case if you live in a detached house.  The signal will pass through doors and partitions and it will bounce off walls, but it will not pass through a solid wall. So if you live in an apartment or terraced house, the walls between the apartment or terraced house will block the signals.